Beyond Paralinguistic Responsiveness: How Does a Pre-schooler Address His Gestural Communication?
- Authors
-
-
Didik Rinan Sumekto
Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University
-
-
- Keywords:
- Circumstantial interaction, Gestural communication, Paralinguistics, Pre-schooler with ASD, Speech delay
- Abstract
-
This study ethnographically portrays the pre-schooler's gestures responsiveness with his existing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and speech delay. This ethnographic study naturally accomplished the insightful qualitative analysis and interpretation observation and videotape recordings to address Levi's daily communication that became a single case study. Levi's paralinguistic responsiveness measured some portrayable emotions and behaviours including responses, requests, and complaints that empirically conveyed his egocentrics, obliviousness, self-consciousness, self-reliance, and reticence rhythms. The findings recalled the eduistic language annotator (ELAN) results of depicting the annotations on chronological transcriptions, generic, and media synchronization modes, from which partially showed Levi's emotions and behaviours as indicated his gesturally paralinguistic responsiveness. This fact addressed how a pre-schooler with his ASD and speech delay emotionally and behaviourally derives the responses, requests, and complaints as major nonverbal language communications. This study recommends other comparably quantitative and qualitative instruments that are subject to consider the neuroscience and psychometric assessments of having accomplished research variances, particularly on the fields of paralinguistic attribution.
- Downloads
-
##plugins.themes.default.displayStats.noStats##
- References
-
Adams, J. N., Feldman, H. M., Huffman, L. C., & Loe, I. M. (2015). Sensory processing in preterm preschoolers and its association with executive function. Early Human Development, 91(3), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.013
Ahmmed, A. U., & Mukherjee, D. (2021). Auditory processing and non-auditory factors associated with hyperacusis in children with auditory processing disorder (APD). Hearing, Balance and Communication, 19(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/21695717.2020.1727216
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. Retrieved May 15, 2025, from https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/APA-DSM-5/DSM5.pdf
Baksh, R. A., Abrahams, S., Bertlich, M., Cameron, R., Jany, S., Dorrian. T., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., MacPherson, S. E., & Auyeung, B. (2020). Social cognition in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Validation of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(7), 1275-1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1737236
Behera, A., Matthew, P., Keidel, A., Vangorp, P., Fang, H., & Canning, S. (2020). Associating facial expressions and upper-body gestures with learning tasks for enhancing intelligent tutoring systems. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30, 236–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-020-00195-2
Benavides-Lopez, J. L., Hofstede, H., & Robillard, T. (2020). Novel system of communication in crickets originated at the same time as bat echolocation and includes male-male multimodal communication. The Science of Nature, 107(9), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-1666-1
Berken, J. A., Miller, E., & Moncrieff, D. (2020). Auditory processing disorders in incarcerated youth: A call for early detection and treatment. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 128, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109683
Bernardis, P., & Gentilucci, M. (2005). Speech and gesture share the same communication system. Neuropsychologia, 44, 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.007
Cánovas, C. P., Valenzuela, J., Carrión D. A, Olza I., & Ramscar, M. (2020). Quantifying the speech-gesture relation with massive multimodal datasets: Informativity in time expressions. PLoS ONE, 15(6), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233892
Caridakis, G., Wagner, J., Raouzaiou, A., Lingenfelser, F., Karpouzis, K., & Andre, E. (2013). A cross-cultural, multimodal, affective corpus for gesture expressivity analysis. Journal of Multimodal User Interfaces, 7, 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193012-0112-x
Carruthers, S., Pickles, A., Slonims, V., Howlin, P., & Charman, T. (2020). Beyond intervention into daily life: A systematic review of generalisation following social communication interventions for young children with autism. Autism Research, 13(4), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2264
Chahin, S. S., Apple, R. W., Kuo, K. H., & Dickson, C. A. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder: Psychological and functional assessment, and behavioral treatment approaches. Translational Pediatrics, 9(1), S66–S75. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.11.06
Chen, M-H., Chen, Y-L., Bai, Y-M., Huang, K-L., Wu, H-J., Hsu, J-W., Su, T-P., Tsai, S-J., Tu, P-C., Li, C-T., Lin, W-C., & Wu, Y-T. (2020). Functional connectivity of specific brain networks related to social and communication dysfunction in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 284, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112785
Clough, S., & Duff, M. C. (2020). The Role of gesture in communication and cognition: Implications for understanding and treating neurogenic communication disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14(323), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00323
Dalmaso, M., Alessi, G., Castelli, L., & Galfano, G. (2020). Eye contact boosts the reflexive component of overt gaze following. Scientific Reports, 10(4777), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61619-6
de Beer, C., Hogrefe, K., Hielscher-Fastabend, M., & de Ruiter, J. P. (2020). Evaluating models of gesture and speech production for people with Aphasia. Cognitive Science, 44, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12890
de Brouwer, A. P.M., Jamra, R. A., Körtel, N., Soyris, C., Polla, D. L., Safra, M., Zisso, A., Powell, C. A., Rebelo-Guiomar, P., Dinges, N., Morin, V., Stock, M., Hussain, M., Shahzad, M., Riazuddin, S., Ahmed, Z. M., Pfundt, R., Schwarz, F., de Boer, L., Reis, A., Grozeva, D., Raymond, F. L., Riazuddin, S., Koolen, D. A., Minczuk, M., Roignant, J-Y., van Bokhoven, H., & Schwartz, S. (2018). Variants in PUS7 cause intellectual disability with speech delay, microcephaly, short stature, and aggressive behavior. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 103(6), 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.026
Delgado-Lobete, L., Pértega-Díaz, S., Santos-del-Riego, S., & Montes-Montes, R. (2020). Sensory processing patterns in developmental coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 100, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103608
Dellapiazza, F., Michelon, C., Vernhet, C., Muratori, F., Blanc, N., Picot, M-C., Baghdadli, A. (2020). Sensory processing related to attention in children with ASD, ADHD, or typical development: results from the ELENA cohort. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01516-5
Division of Birth Defects (2018). National center on birth defects and developmental disabilities. Centers for disease control prevention. Retrieved 12th April 2025 from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/index.html
ELAN. (2021, July 6). ELAN–Previous releases. Nijmegen: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/elan/previous
Galiana-Simal, A., Vela-Romero, M., Romero-Vela, V. M., Oliver-Tercero, N., García-Olmo, V., Benito-Castellanos, P. J., Muñoz-Martinez, V., & Beato-
Fernandez, L. (2020). Sensory processing disorder: Key points of a frequent alteration in neurodevelopmental disorders. Cogent Medicine, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2020.1736829
Gupta, R., Audhkhasi, K., Lee, S., & Narayanan, S. (2016). Detecting paralinguistic events in audio stream using context in features and probabilistic decisions. Computer Speech and Language, 36, 72–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2015.08.003
Hample, K., Mahler, K., & Amspacher, A. (2020). An interoception based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A Pilot Study. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 13(4), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2020.1743221
Harrison, K. B., McCredie, M. N., Reddy, M. K., Krishnan, A., Allison Engstrom, A., Posey, Y. S., Morey, L. C., & Loveland, K. A. (2020). assessing autism spectrum disorder in intellectually able adults with the personality assessment inventory: Normative data and a novel supplemental indicator. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 3935–3943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04450-2
Hartman, J., & Paradis, C. (2020). Figurative meaning in multimodal work by an autistic artist: A cognitive semantic approach. Language and Cognition, 13(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2020.20
Jutla, A., Foss-Feig, J., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review. Autism Research, 15(3), 384–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2659
Kamermans, K. L., Pouw, W., Fassi, L., Aslanidou, A., Paas, F., & Hostetter, A. B. (2019). The role of gesture as simulated action in reinterpretation of mental imagery. Acta Psychologica, 197, 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.05.004
Kita, S. (2009). Cross-cultural variation of speech-accompanying gesture: A review. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960802586188
Kita, S., Alibali, M. W., & Chu, M. (2017). How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis. Psychological Review, 124(3), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000059
Kong, A. P-. H., Law, S-. P., Kwan, C. C-. Y., Lai, C., & Lam, V. (2015). A coding system with independent annotations of gesture forms and functions during verbal communication: Development of a database of speech and gesture (DoSaGE). Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 39, 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-014-0200-6
Kortli, Y., Jridi, M., Al Falou, A., & Atri, M. (2020). Face recognition systems: A survey. Sensors, 20(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020342
Küpper, C., Stroth, S., Wolff, N., Hauck, F., Kliewer, N., Schad-Hansjosten, T., Kamp-Becker, I., Poustka, L., Roessner, V., Schultebraucks, K., & Roepke, S. (2020). Identifying predictive features of autism spectrum disorders in a clinical sample of adolescents and adults using machine learning. Scientific Reports, 10, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61607-w
Kwon, A. Y., Vallotton, C. D., Kiegelmann, M., & Wilhelm, K. H. (2018). Cultural diversification of communicative gestures through early childhood: A comparison of children in English-, German-, and Chinese-speaking families. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.10.003
Lasagna, C. A., McLaughlin, M. M., Deng, W. Y., Whiting, E. L., & Tso, I. F. (2020). Deconstructing eye contact perception: Measuring perceptual precision and self-referential tendency using an online psychophysical eye contact detection task. PLoS ONE, 15(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0230258
Lin, Y-. L. (2020). A helping hand for thinking and speaking: Effects of gesturing and task planning on second language narrative discourse. System, 91, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102243
Michal, M., Kormos, J., Brunfaut, T., & Ratajczak, M. (2019). The role of working memory in young second language learners’ written performance. Journal od Second Language Writing, 45, 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.03.002
Mills, K. A., Stone, B. G., Unsworth, L., & Friend, L. (2020). Multimodal language of attitude in digital composition. Written Communication, 37(2), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088319897978
Morgan, L., Delehanty, A., Dillon, J. C., Schatschneider, C., & Wetherby, A. M. (2019). Measures of early social communication and vocabulary production to predict language outcomes at two and three years in late-talking toddlers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.12.005
Naderi, A., & Yazdi, M. H. (2018). An anthropological study on female peddlers’ lingual and paralingual advertising in the subway in Tehran. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 26, 83–102.
Noah, J. A., Zhang, X., Dravida, S., Ono, Y., Naples, A., McPartland, J. C., & Hirsch, J. (2020). Real-time eye-to-eye contact is associated with cross-brain neural coupling in Angular Gyrus. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14(19), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00019
Nugrahaningsih, N., & Porta, M. (2019). Soft biometrics through hand gestures driven by visual stimuli. ICT Express, 5(2), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2018.04.014
Pichel, B. (2016). From facial expressions to bodily gestures: Passions, photography and movement in French 19th-century sciences. History of the Human Sciences, 29(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695115618592
Potdevin, D., Clavel, C. & Sabouret, N. (2021). Virtual intimacy in human-embodied conversational agent interactions: the influence of multimodality on its perception. Journal of Multimodal User Interfaces, 15, 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-020-00337-9
Prosperi, M., Santocchi, E., Muratori, F., Narducci, C., Calderoni, S., Tancredi, R., Morales, M. A., & Guiducci, L. (2019). Vocal and motor behaviors as a possible expression of gastrointestinal problems in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1841-8
Ranford, J., MacLean, J., Alluri, P. R., Comeau, O., Godena, E., LaFrance, W. C., Ann Hunt, A., Stephen, C. D., & Perez, D. L. (2020). Sensory processing difficulties in functional neurological disorder: A possible predisposing vulnerability? Psychosomatics, 61(4), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2020.02.003
Reeves, S., Peller, J., Goldman, J., & Kitto, S. (2013). Ethnography in qualitative educational research: AMEE Guide No. 80. Medical Teacher, 35, 1365–1379. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.804977
Saeed, H. T., Abdulaziz, B., & AL-Dabboo, S. J. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of primary speech and language delay in children less than seven years of age. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education, 8(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000608
Sampietro, A. (2019). Emoji and rapport management in Spanish WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 143, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.009
Shriberg, L. D. (2019). Motor speech disorders in idiopathic speech delay and in complex neurodevelopmental disorders using the speech disorders classification system: Introduction. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 33(8), 677–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2019.1595737
Simones, L. (2019). Understanding the meaningfulness of vocal and instrumental music teachers’ hand gestures through the teacher behavior and gesture framework. Frontiers in Education, 4(141), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00141
Sivaraman, M., Virues-Ortega, J., Roeyers, H. (2020). Social referencing skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 70, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101528
So, W-. C., & Wong, K. -Y. M. (2017). Tracing the development of spatially modulated gestures in the manual modality in nonsigning Chinese-speaking children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 39(3), 527–544. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716417000510
Soma, C. S., Wampold, B. E., Flemotomos, N., Peri, R., Narayanan, S., Atkins, D. C., & Imel, Z. E. (2023). The silent treatment? Changes in patient emotional expression after silence. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12537
Sparrow, K., Lind, C., & van Steenbrugge, W. (2020). Gesture, communication, and adult acquired hearing loss. Journal of Communication Disorders, 87, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106030
Sumekto, D. R. (2022). How do gestures actualize young learners’ affection: Sympathizing George’s gestures as depicted in The Slithery Day. Humaniora, 13(2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v13i2.7871
Sumekto, D. R., & Setyawati, H. (2020). Revealing lecturer’s paralinguistic attribution: How the visual manner contributes to students’ non-cognitive skills. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(3), 559-571. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i3.23206
Sumekto, D. R., Dardjito, H., Sukur, S. G., Andriani, Y. S., Olam, R. M., & Sulistyorini, D. A. (2024). Paralinguistic features in students’ storytelling within multimodal communications. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 27(2), 997–1018. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v27i2.8701
Sumekto, D. R., Pranawa, E., Taufiqulloh, T., Ghozali, I., & Yuwono, S. E. (2023). How does Ocha attend her lectures? Lessons learnt from an adult learner with a Cinderella complex. Pedagogika, 144(4), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.15823/p.2021.144.6
Sumekto, D. R., Taufiqulloh, T., Setyawati, H., Hikmah, S., & Ghozali, I. (2021). Understanding the paralinguistic features disclosure depicted in the lecturer’s visual modes of writing class instruction. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature, 27(4), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2021-2704-13
Trujillo, J. P., Vaitonyte, J., Simanova, I., & Özyürek, A. (2019). Toward the markerless and automatic analysis of kinematic features: A toolkit for gesture and movement research. Behavior Research Methods, 51, 769–777. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-01810868
Vahia, V. N. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(3), 220–223. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.117131
van Laarhoven, T., Stekelenburg, J. J., Eussen, M. L. J. M., Vroomen, J. (2019). Electrophysiological alterations in motor-auditory predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 12(4), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2087
Vidal, B. (2019). A somatic poetics of crisis cinema: The gesture of self-harm in three Spanish films. Hispanic Research Journal, 20(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682737.2019.1584472
Wade, M., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2020). Social communication deficits following early-life deprivation and relation to psychopathology: A randomized clinical trial of foster care. The Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 61(12), 1360–1369. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13222
Wessel-Tolvig, B., & Paggio, P. (2016). Revisiting the thinking-for-speaking hypothesis: Speech and gesture representation of motion in Danish and Italian. Journal of Pragmatics, 99, 39–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.05.004
Winn, M. B. (2020). Accommodation of gender-related phonetic differences by listeners with cochlear implants and in a variety of vocoder simulations. Acoustical Society of America, 147(1), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000566
Wood, A., Martin, J. D., Alibali, M. W., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2018). A sad thumbs up: Incongruent gestures and disrupted sensorimotor activity both slow processing of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 33(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1545634
Wu, H., Zhang, S., Liu, J., Qiu, J., & Zhang, X. (2018). The gesture disagreement problem in free-hand gesture interaction. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 35(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1510607
Zepeda-Mendoza, C., Goodenberger, M. L., Kuhl, A., Rice, G. M., Hoppman, N. (2019). Familial segregation of a 5q15-q21.2 deletion associated with facial dysmorphism and speech delay. Clinical Case Reports, 7(6), 1154–1160. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2186
- Downloads
- Published
- 28.05.2026
- Section
- Articles
- License
-
Copyright (c) 2026 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
With the receipt of the article by the Editorial Board of the Cakrawala: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan and it was decided to be published, then the copyright regarding the article will be diverted to Cakrawala: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan.
Cakrawala: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan hold the copyright regarding all the published articles and has the right to multiply and distribute the article under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
A copyright transfer from the author to the journal is done by filling out the copyright transfer form by the author.
Copyright Transfer Letter: Download
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
How to Cite
Similar Articles
- Adi Candra Kusuma, Efektifitas Pembelajaran Tutor Sebaya Berbantuan Modul Untuk Meningkatkan Komunikasi Matematik Mahasiswa , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Vol. 11 No. 1 (2017)
- Sutji Muljani, Bunawar, Rancangan Pembelajaran Berkarakteristik Pembelajaran Inovatif Abad 21 Pada Materi Estimasi Biaya Konstruksi Dengan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning Di Smk Negeri 1 Adiwerna , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Special Issue: Pedagogy in Indonesia
- Anin Eka Sulistyawati, Ahmad Husain, Elizaveta E. Ivashova, Aquaculture and Fisheries English Specific Purposes Students’: Needs Analysis Research , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Vol. 16 No. 2 (2022)
- Sumartono, Developing Foreign Language Proficiency Through Speech Leaning in Early Childhood , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Vol. 4 No. 7 (2010)
- Sri Wigatiningsih, Improving Students’ Motivation in Writing Procedure Texts Through MemoryRelated Strategy , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Vol. 10 No. 2 (2016)
- Nur Aflahatun, Yoga Prihatin, The Use of Google Drive to Improve Student’s Essay Writing Skill, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Pancasakti University of Tegal , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Vol. 12 No. 2 (2018)
- Herry Kristanto, Rancangan Pembelajaran Berkarakteristik Pembelajaran Inovatif Abad 21 Ada Materi Procedure Text dengan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning di Smp Negeri 1 Pangkah , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Special Issue: Pedagogy in Indonesia
- Dahlia Anggraeny, Peningkatan Kemampuan Berkomunikasi Peserta didik Melalui Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok Teknik Permainan pada Peserta didik Kelas Xii Bdp 1 Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021 , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Special Issue: Pedagogy in Indonesia
- Danty Kusmianty, Bayu Widiyanto, Mobinta Kusuma, Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Sets Metode Praktikum Pada Materi Pemanasan Global Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Vol. 14 No. 1 (2020)
- Masruri, Model-Model Pembelajaran Efektif dan Inovatif dalam Mata Pelajaran Sains (IPA) – (Cooperative Learning) , Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan: Special Issue: Pedagogy in Indonesia
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.


