Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala <p><strong>Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan</strong>&nbsp;(P-ISSN:1858-4497, E-ISSN: 2549-9300) is a scholarly journal aimed to provide a platform for both established and early-career researchers. This journal accepts research-based papers from the fields of Teaching and Learning; Language and Literacy Education; and Applied Human Development in the Context of Schooling with submissions accepted throughout the year. It is published biannually,&nbsp;<strong>May and November</strong>, by the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Pancasakti Tegal, Indonesia. Papers are all subject to peer review before being accepted for inclusion. Contributions for future editions are welcome. We are collaborating with <a href="http://www.ispi.or.id/">Indonesia Educanist Association.</a><br>Starting from Vol. 12 No. 1, Cakrawala has been accredited&nbsp;<strong>SINTA 3</strong> by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (Ristekdikti) of The Republic of Indonesia based on Director Decree No. 23/E/KPT/2019 dated 08 Agustus 2019. The Decree is as an achievement for the Peer-reviewed journal which has excellent quality in management and publication and is effective for 5 years until 2022.</p> <p>Starting from Vol 15 No 2 2021, Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan do some changing in layout and copyright statement. Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan begin to embed Copyright license for <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)&nbsp;</a> in new template of manuscript. Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan was firstly published in 2017 via<a href="%20http://e-journal.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala "> http://e-journal.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala</a> as the publication media. But in 2022, precisely in the publishment of vol.16 no 1 May 2022, Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan changed the domain to<a href="%20https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala "> https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala</a> . It was due to the server's unstability on the past media.Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan already indexed at International Indexing such as <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2549-9300?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%221858-4497%22%2C%222549-9300%22%5D%7D%7D%2C%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22husain%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22OR%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22track_total_hits%22%3Atrue%7D">Directory of Open Acces Journal (DOAJ).</a> Scopus Citedness can be accces <a href="https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/citedness">here</a></p> <p>We updated the template in October 2022 to allow the author to use the Indonesian or English version of the template. The template can be accessed <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vU1pbIB9GElszSTJPnLpqTcjlyR2FeVS">here</a></p> <p>Thank you for your support, We currently stand for <em><strong>SINTA 3&nbsp;</strong></em>since 2018 - 2022 and reaccredit in 2022-2026. Due to the Speedup of International Diversity, we invite International Author as First Author, Second Author, or Third Author, we will prioritize those paper which has an international author, and they will get a benefit for <strong>Excellent Paper</strong>.&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> en-US <p>With the receipt of the article by the Editorial Board of the Cakrawala: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan and it was decided to be published, then the copyright regarding the article will be diverted to Cakrawala: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan.</p> <p>&nbsp;Cakrawala: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan hold the copyright regarding all the published articles and has the right to multiply and distribute the article under&nbsp;<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License</a>.&nbsp;</p> <p>A copyright transfer from the author to the journal is done by filling out the copyright transfer form by the author.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Copyright Transfer Letter: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dgbVxTbJlVex7Zjpv5OYBqN4DVbavPcg/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=116319695403170606674&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true">Download</a></p> <p>&nbsp; <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License</a></p> cakrawala.upstegal@gmail.com (Yoga Prihatin) cakrawala.upstegal@gmail.com (Afsun Aulia) Thu, 20 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 OJS 3.2.1.5 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Project Untuk Meningkatkan Kecakapan Hidup (Life Skill) Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS di SMP Kota Tegal https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/502 <p><em>Project-based learning model (PBL) as one of the innovative learning models based on students (student center) can be used and selected by teachers as one of the alternative learning methods that will provide a new "color" in learning from the generally conventional ones. The purpose of this study is to produce a project-based learning model that is feasible to improve life skills in social studies lessons in junior high schools and to describe and analyze the effectiveness of the project-based learning model that is effectively adapted to improve life skills in social studies lessons in junior high schools. The type of research used in this study is Research and Development (R&amp;D). This study uses Borg &amp; Gall's research and development procedures which are the basis for developing a project-based learning model to improve life skills in social studies subjects in grade VIII junior high schools. The data collection technique for this study uses Observation, Interviews, Test Questionnaires. Data analysis of the effectiveness of the project-based learning model to improve life skills in social studies lessons in junior high schools uses the Wilcoxon test. The conclusion of this study shows that 1) The current social studies learning in junior high schools is that teachers have not fully developed teaching materials that are oriented towards life skills. 2) The project-based learning model has proven to be effective in improving life skills. The results of the assessment by teachers get a Good category. This result is also supported by an increase in life skills. The calculation of the increase in life skills in three aspects, namely attitude, knowledge and skills, gets a significance value below 0.05 so that it can be interpreted that there is a significant difference in life skills before the pretest and after the posttest.</em></p> <p><em>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><strong>Keyword: </strong><em>project based learning, life skills, social studies learning</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Anis Khamidah Khamidah, Suriswo Suriswo, Dewi Apriani Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/502 Sun, 14 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Peran Guru Penggerak dalam Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar di kecamatan Petarukan kabupaten Pemalang https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/508 <p><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan peran Guru Penggerak (GP) terhadap pengetahuan pendidik yang memadai, pemanfaatan sarana dan prasarana, serta penciptaan lingkungan belajar yang mendukung penyelenggaraan pendidikan Sekolah Dasar (SD) di kecamatan Petarukan kabupaten Pemalang. Subyek penelitian ini adalah beberapa SD yaitu SDN 01, 05 Kendalsari, SDN 03 Serang, SDN 01 Panjunan, SDN 10 Petarukan, dan SDN 01 Panjunan yang didalmnya terdapat GP yang dibedakan menjadi dua kategori yaitu lulusan tahun 2023 dan 2024. Pemilihan subyek tersebut didasarkan pada pertimbangan tahun lulus dan letak geografis kecamatan Petarukan yang membentang dari arah utara ke selatan sehingga dipilih enam SD tersebut yang dapat merepresentasikan kedua kriteria di atas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis dilakukan terhadap data kualitatiif menghasilkan simpulan bahwa GP berperan dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan SD khususnya pada: 1) pengetahuan yang memadai (85,50%), 2) pemanfaatan sarana prasarana sekolah (91,75%) dan lingkungan yang mendukung (92,00%). </em></p> Sugeng Aliy Shahid; Munthoha Nasuha; Suriswo Suriswo Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/508 Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Multikulturalisme dalam Film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap Karya Bene Dion Rajagukguk https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/518 <p><em>This study aims to analyze the values of multicultural education in the film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap directed by Bene Dion Rajagukguk. The film portrays the social and cultural dynamics within a Batak family, highlighting diversity and intergenerational conflicts related to the acceptance of culture and identity. Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap was selected for its explicit exploration of diversity within the family context, depicting how family members with different backgrounds navigate differences in worldview, culture, and identity. The multiculturalism approach is employed to understand how the film addresses issues of diversity and serves as a medium for fostering social awareness in society. This research utilizes Stuart Hall’s theory of representation to analyze how the values of multicultural education are depicted in Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap. The analysis refers to the five multicultural values proposed by Wakano: (1) inclusivity, representing acceptance of differences; (2) prioritization of dialogue as a means of achieving mutual understanding; (3) humanism, which emphasizes the dignity of each individual; (4) appreciation of diversity; and (5) patriotism, stressing the importance of unity in diversity. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the fields of literature and cultural studies, and to enhance understanding of the role of media in promoting multicultural education values in Indonesia, particularly within the context of family and pluralistic society.</em></p> Ponco Adi Nugroho; Sukarni Suryaningsih; Ken Widyatwati, M. Suryadi; Rezki Amelia Anggraeni Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/518 Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Zero Waste Water Day: Educational Strategies to Foster Awareness of Clean Water Among Students https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/531 <p><em>This research aims to foster awareness of clean water among students through the Zero Waste Water Day Program. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive with a One Group Pretest Posttest Design. The research subjects are the 25 students of class VB at SDN&nbsp;Kalongan&nbsp;02. The data collection technique used pretest and posttest questionnaires. This program uses a contextual and participatory approach, thereby directly involving the students. The implementation of the Zero Waste Water Day Program received a positive response from the students; they showed high curiosity, enthusiasm, and&nbsp;full&nbsp;spirit. Based on research data, students who have participated in the Zero Waste Water Day Program have shown an increase in awareness of clean water, and they are increasingly understanding the importance of clean water for daily needs. The N-Gain test result of 0.7178 indicates an increase in the high category. Thus, the research results indicate that the Zero Waste Water Day Program is effective in fostering awareness of clean water among students</em></p> Ratna Intan Cahayanik, Puji Winarti, Ridha Sarwono Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/531 Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 From Ordnungs politik to Digital Circularity: Governance, Culture and Human Agency in the Transition to Regenerative Business Models https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/550 <p><em>This article develops a governance–culture–agency framework for the transition from linear to regenerative business models by reinterpreting the ordoliberal principle of Ordnungspolitik for the age of digital circularity. Using an integrative literature review and policy document analysis, the study synthesizes insights from ordoliberal political economy, circular economy scholarship, and management/organizational research. Results show that outcome-oriented, technology-neutral framework rules—eco-design and durability requirements, rights to repair and data-for-repair, eco-modulated extended producer responsibility, product passports, and data portability/interoperability—create the enabling conditions for decentralized innovation while safeguarding competition and the common good. Digital tools (AI, IoT, distributed ledgers) can materially enable circular strategies through sensing, prediction, and traceability, but only when embedded in transparent, auditable, and contestable infrastructures that mitigate rebound effects and platform lock-in. Organizational culture and human agency are decisive: leader mindsets, psychological resilience, incentive redesign, and learning routines translate policy signals and digital capabilities into practice. Higher education institutions accelerate diffusion through interdisciplinary curricula, living labs, and standard-setting support. The contribution is a theoretically grounded and actionable architecture that aligns institutional order, technological design, and human development to achieve durable, regenerative outcomes.</em></p> Martin Dahl Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/550 Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Peran Guru Sekolah Dasar Dalam Meningkatkan Literasi Membaca Dan Menulis Peserta Didik gi Gugus Sultan Agung Koordinator Dikbud Wilayah Kecamatan Tarub Kabupaten Tegal https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/506 <p>Salah satu langkah awal untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan peserta didik adalah upaya peningkatan literasi sekolah melalui literasi membaca dan menulis. Literasi adalah upaya untuk menumbuhkan budaya pekerti peserta didik dengan tujuan agar peserta didik memiliki minat dalam membaca dan menulis, sehingga menumbuhkan kesadaran pentingnya belajar sepanjang masa. Upaya Peningkatan literasi menulis dan membaca juga dapat meningkatkan pemahaman peserta didik dan membangun kebiasaan yang lebih baik dan disiplin. Upaya Peningkatan literasi adalah bagian dari upaya sekolah untuk meningkatkan minat dan keterampilan membaca peserta didik. Hal Ini juga akan sangat membantu konsentrasi belajar peserta didik selama proses belajar mengajar.&nbsp;Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah&nbsp;untuk mengetahui&nbsp;1). Mengetahui peran guru pada Gugus Sultan Agung koordinator Dikbud Wilayah Kecamatan Tarub Kabupaten&nbsp;Tegal. 2). Mengetahui&nbsp;faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam meningkatan kemampuan literasi membaca dan menulis pada Gugus Sultan Agung Koordinator Dikbud Wilayah Kecamatan Tarub Kabupaten&nbsp;Tegal. 3) Mengetahui peran guru dalam meningkatan kemampuan literasi membaca dan menulis peserta didik pada Gugus Sultan Agung koordinator Dikbud Wilayah Kecamatan Tarub Kabupaten Tegal. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data penelitian ini dilakukan dengan:&nbsp;kuesioner, Wawancara, Observasi, Dokumentasi. Sedangkan Dalam penelitian ini, tiga komponen utama terdiri dari proses analisis data: Reduksi data, Penyajian data (Display data), Verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran guru di Gugus Sultan Agung Koordinator dikbud Wilayah Kecamatan Tarub Kabupaten Tegal dilakukan dengan beberapa kebijakan diantaranya adalah Setiap siswa membaca buku selama 10–15 &nbsp;menit setiap hari sebelum atau setelah pelajaran dimulai. Setiap kelas memiliki pojok baca dengan koleksi buku yang bervariasi sesuai minat dan kebutuhan siswa. Faktor pendukung dalam meningkatan kemampuan literasi membaca dan menulis adalah guru menunjukkan pentingnya literasi dengan menjadi model membaca dan menulis yang baik. Guru juga berperan sebagai fasilitator, motivator, evaluator. Dukungan dari orang tua juga menjadi faktor kunci. Faktor penghambat dalam dalam meningkatan kemampuan literasi membaca dan menulis diantaranya siswa lebih tertarik pada hiburan digital seperti game atau media sosial dibandingkan buku atau aktivitas menulis.</p> Khalimatun Alfiyah, Yoga Prihatin; Hanung Sudibyo Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/506 Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Differentiated Instruction in Teaching Writing Narrative Text to Students of SMA 2 Tegal https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/512 <p><em>Teaching writing requires teachers to use an appropriate approach. Differentiated instruction can be applied as it can facilitate children's diverse learning needs as well as one of the embodiments of the emancipated curriculum. This mixed-method research explored the implementation of differentiated instruction in teaching English as a foreign language and focuses on writing narrative text to high school students. The main objective of this study is to explain the teacher’s preparation, implementation, and its effects. A teacher and a class of students participated in this study. The result shows that the teacher has an understanding and concept of the application of DI in the classroom. The teacher implemented content, process, and product &nbsp;differentiation based on the students’ readiness level and interest. DI was proven to have positive impacts on students. The research implications are expected to guide practitioners, policymakers, and other stakeholders in applying research findings in practical settings.</em></p> Dwi Setyorini; Sri Wahyuni, Sri Wuli Fitriati Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/512 Sun, 07 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Peran SPMI dalam Penguatan Tata Kelola Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia FKIP UMSU: Pendekatan Berbasis Evaluasi Diri https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/524 <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Internal (SPMI) dalam penguatan tata kelola Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia FKIP UMSU melalui pendekatan berbasis evaluasi diri. Menggunakan metode campuran dengan desain sekuensial eksplanatori, data kuantitatif dikumpulkan melalui survei terhadap dosen, mahasiswa, dan tenaga kependidikan, sedangkan data kualitatif diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam, FGD, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi SPMI berada pada kategori sedang, dengan evaluasi diri sebagai komponen paling berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tata kelola. Evaluasi diri meningkatkan transparansi, akuntabilitas, dan partisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan, meskipun masih terdapat tantangan seperti keterbatasan SDM dan resistensi terhadap perubahan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa evaluasi diri berbasis SPMI memiliki kontribusi signifikan dalam mentransformasi tata kelola program studi secara holistik.</p> M Afiv Toni Suhendra Saragih, Mahyuni, Akrim Akrim Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/524 Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation Berbasis Metode Brainwriting Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Teks Pidato Persuasif Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama Di Kabupaten Pemalang https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/541 <p><!--StartFragment--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan penelitian ini guna merancang dan mengkaji efektivitas model pembelajaran Group Investigation berbasis metode brainwriting dalam meningkatkan kemampuan menulis teks pidato persuasif pada siswa tingkat SMP. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah <em>Research and Development (R &amp; D),</em> dengan mengadaptasi model pengembangan Borg &amp; Gall yang telah disederhanakan menjadi enam tahap, dimulai dari studi pendahuluan hingga tahap pengujian efektivitas produk. Subjek dalam penelitian ini melibatkan 132 siswa kelas VIII dari SMP Negeri 2 Randudongkal dan SMP Negeri 3 Moga. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan meliputi observasi, angket, wawancara, tes, dan dokumentasi. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan dalam kemampuan menulis siswa setelah penerapan model tersebut. Nilai rata-rata posttest siswa pada kelas eksperimen mengalami peningkatan dari 67,51 menjadi 85,13, lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelas kontrol yang hanya meningkat dari 67,61 menjadi 72,34. Model ini terbukti efektif dalam mendorong siswa untuk mengeksplorasi ide secara mandiri melalui metode brainwriting serta memperkuat kerja sama dalam penyusunan teks melalui pendekatan Group Investigation. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oleh karena itu, model ini dinilai layak dijadikan sebagai strategi pembelajaran inovatif dalam rangka memperkuat literasi siswa sesuai dengan arah Kurikulum Merdeka</span></p> <p><!--EndFragment--></p> dariah dariah, Sutji Muljani, Tri Mulyono Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/541 Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700 Literatur Review Tren Pengembangan E-Modul pada Pembelajaran IPA untuk Jenjang SD-SMA Rentang Tahun 2020-2025 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/552 <p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p> <p>Pelajaran IPA mencakup fisika, kimia, biologi, serta ilmu bumi dan antariksa yang disatukan untuk memberikan pemahaman menyeluruh tentang gejala alam dan prinsip ilmiah. Karena banyak konsep ilmia yang bersifat abstrak, peserta didik sering mengalami kesulitan dalam memahaminya. E-modul menjadi salah satu media pembelajaran yang efektif untuk membantu mengatasi hal &nbsp;tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi tren&nbsp; pengembangan e-modul pada pembelajaran IPA. Manfaatnya adalah &nbsp;untuk menemukan peluang riset yang dapat menjadi rujukan bagi peneliti lain dalam mengembangkan e-modul IPA di masa mendatang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode <em>Systematic Literature Review (SLR)</em> terhadap 53 artikel dari jenjang SD hingga SMA, yang diperoleh melalui Google Scholar, Scopus, dan Mendeley Web. Artikel disaring berdasarkan tahun terbit (2020–2025) dan kesesuaian topik. Hasilnya menunjukkan: (1) e-modul IPA paling banyak dikembangkan di jenjang SD; (2) mayoritas penelitian berfokus pada peningkatan hasil belajar; (3) bidang yang dominan adalah IPA Tematik/IPAS; dan (4) Aplikasi paling dominan digunakan adalah Flip PDF Profesional.</p> Fitriana Dwi Lestari; Tri Astuti; Bambang Subali, Nuni Widiarti Copyright (c) 2025 Cakrawala: Jurnal Pendidikan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://cakrawala.upstegal.ac.id/index.php/cakrawala/article/view/552 Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700